Effect of wind turbine generator model and siting on wind power changes out of large WECS arrays

Methods of reducing the WECS generation change through selection of the wind turbine model for each site, selection of an appropriate siting configuration, and wind array controls are discussed. An analysis of wind generation change from an echelon and a farm for passage of a thunderstorm is presented. Reduction of the wind generation change over ten minutes is shown to reduce the increase in spinning reserve, unloadable generation and load following requirements on unit commitment when significant WECS generation is present and the farm penetration constraint is satisfied. Controls on the blade pitch angle of all wind turbines in an array or a battery control are shown to reduce both the wind generation change out of an array and the effective farm penetration in anticipation of a storm so that the farm penetration constraint may be satisfied

A reliability based model for generation and transmission expansion planning

This paper presents a mixed integer linear multi-objective model based on information gap decision theory (IGDT), which is used to solve coordinated multiyear generation and transmission expansion planning (G&TEP) problems. The model maximizes the robustness of each uncertain parameter while a maximum allowable budget range is set. Fuel transportation price is considered. The results provide a numerical tool for system planner to help him adjust the appropriate level of robustness for each uncertain parameter of the problem. Extra limits on security, gaseous emission, and fuel availability are considered. A multi-objective method called the ε-constraint method is used here to maximize the robust region of load and investment costs simultaneously. The model is implemented on a six-bus Garver test system and 24 bus IEEE test system. The numerical results show the good performance of the model

Uncertainty management in multiobjective hydro-thermal self-scheduling under emission considerations

In this paper, a stochastic multiobjective framework is proposed for a day-ahead short-term Hydro Thermal Self-Scheduling (HTSS) problem for joint energy and reserve markets. An efficient linear formulations are introduced in this paper to deal with the nonlinearity of original problem due to the dynamic ramp rate limits, prohibited operating zones, operating services of thermal plants, multi-head power discharge characteristics of hydro generating units and spillage of reservoirs. Besides, system uncertainties including the generating units\u27 contingencies and price uncertainty are explicitly considered in the stochastic market clearing scheme. For the stochastic modeling of probable multiobjective optimization scenarios, a lattice Monte Carlo simulation has been adopted to have a better coverage of the system uncertainty spectrum. Consequently, the resulting multiobjective optimization scenarios should concurrently optimize competing objective functions including GENeration COmpany\u27s (GENCO\u27s) profit maximization and thermal units\u27 emission minimization. Accordingly, the ε-constraint method is used to solve the multiobjective optimization problem and generate the Pareto set. Then, a fuzzy satisfying method is employed to choose the most preferred solution among all Pareto optimal solutions. The performance of the presented method is verified in different case studies. The results obtained from ε-constraint method is compared with those reported by weighted sum method, evolutionary programming-based interactive Fuzzy satisfying method, differential evolution, quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization and hybrid multi-objective cultural algorithm, verifying the superiority of the proposed approach

Design of output feedback UPFC controller for damping electromechanical oscillations using

a b s t r a c t In this paper, a novel method for the design of output feedback controller for unified power flow controller (UPFC) is developed. The selection of the output feedback gains for the UPFC controllers is converted to an optimization problem with the time domain-based objective function which is solved by a particle swarm optimization technique (PSO) that has a strong ability to find the most optimistic results. Only local and available state variables are adopted as the input signals of each controller for the decentralized design. Thus, structure of the designed UPFC controller is simple and easy to implement. To ensure the robustness of the proposed stabilizers, the design process takes into account a wide range of operating conditions and system configurations. The effectiveness of the proposed controller for damping low frequency oscillations is tested and demonstrated through nonlinear time-domain simulation and some performance indices studies. The results analysis reveals that the designed PSO-based output feedback UPFC damping controller has an excellent capability in damping power system low frequency oscillations and enhance greatly the dynamic stability of the power systems. Moreover, the system performance analysis under different operating conditions show that the d E based controller is superior to both the m B based controller and conventional power system stablizer

Study of growth ring formation on scales of mullet Liza saliens in the Caspian Sea

This study is attempted to compare the number of rings and circular scales that are formed during various ages on Liza saliens. Sampling was carried out monthly during 2012-2013 using beach seine fishing nets. 102 specimens of different sizes were collected and transferred to the laboratory in boxes containing ice. The age of fish was determined by the number of annual rings as well as, the number of rings in each annual area. The distance between rings in each annual area was also measured. The results showed that the maximum growth was demonstrated in the first and second years. In the first year of life, the scale radius was nearly 2823.3±366.5(µm) which decreased to 1223.9±236.0(µm). The result indicated that 48 percentage of growth scales occurred in the first year and this value is only 21.8% in the second year. The number of growth rings in the annual regions decreased with increase in age. The result demonstrated that the average number of rings was 95.5±17.6 in the first life year of the fish. If you take into account the number of growth ring through years in comparison with the number of days in a year, it is clear that one ring was nearly made in four days in the first life year and it gradually reached 7.5, 15.9, 21.9 and 31.7 in the second, fourth and sixth years of life, respectively. One ring was approximately made in each month at higher ages

Investigating The Frequency of Serrated Polyps/Adenomas and Their Subtypes in Colonic Polyp Samples

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of Serrated polyps of colonic polyps samples in Hazrate Rasoule Akram Hospital over ten years. MATERIALS: The target group in this study was patients with colonic polyps in Hazrate Rasoule Akram Hospital. Pathologic evaluation of these patients was done. Serrated polyps, by location, gender, age and type of polyps were divided and frequency of them were determined separately. RESULTS: Of 381 patients studied, 224 (58.79) and 157(41.20) were males and females, respectively. Mean age of patients was 59.25 years. In initial diagnosis, frequency of Adenomatous polyp, Hyperplastic polyp and Mixed polyp were 92.44 and 5.33, and 2.22, respectively. In final diagnosis (Second evaluation), frequency of Adenomatous polyp, Hyperplastic polyp, Mixed polyp, Sessile Serrated Adenoma/ Polyp, Traditional Serrated Adenoma and SPU (Serrated Polyp Unclassifiable) were 90.44, 4.88, 2.44, 1.11, 0.66 and 0.44, respectively. 72.13 and 27.86 of polyps were low grade dysplasia and high grade dysplasia, respectively. According to the results of this study, the incidence of all types of polyps detected was more in men than women. Rectum and sigmoid were most abundant in the area polyp in both initial and final diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Despite the low prevalence of Serrated polyps in patients, early diagnosis is the best action to reduce morbidity and mortality. Probability of the risk of progression from low grade to high grade dysplasia and transforming into Adenocarcinoma is high in Serrated polyps

Solubility of Anthracene and Phenanthrene in Ethanol + 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Mixtures at Different Temperatures

This article discusses the solubility of anthracene and phenanthrene in ethanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane mixtures at different temperatures

Prevalence of amyloid deposition in long standing rheumatoid arthritis in Iranian patients by abdominal subcutaneous fat biopsy and assessment of clinical and laboratory characteristics

BACKGROUND: The study was aimed at determining the prevalence of secondary amyloidosis in a group of Iranian patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), and the assessment of its correlation with the clinical and laboratory findings and data. METHOD: A total number of 220 patients (167 female and 53 male) with a minimum five-year history of RA were selected. Congo red staining method was used for staining the specimens obtained by abdominal subcutaneous fat biopsy (ASFB) method. All of the specimens were examined for apple-green birefringence under polarized light microscope. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients were assessed. Chi-square test and unpaired student's t-test were run for intergroup comparisons. RESULTS: Amyloid deposition test yielded positive results in 15 out of the 220 cases (6.8%) examined by the ASFB technique. Thirteen patients were found to have minimal amyloid deposits. Of all the clinically significant cases, 8 (53%) presented with proteinuria, and 7 cases (46.6%) had severe constipation. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of fat amyloid deposits in Iranian patients with RA is low. In up to half of the study group the deposits were subclinical. Follow up studies are required to determine whether this subclinical amyloidosis can develop into full-blown clinically significant amyloidosis